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Jeff's Butterfly Page

by Jeffrey S. Pippen | Back to Jeff's Nature Pages




JEFF'S BUTTERFLY PROJECTS

CAROLINAS BUTTERFLY MONITORING PROGRAM:
NEW!!!
CAROLINALEPS EMAIL LIST:
Free forum for butterfly and moth enthusiasts
DURHAM BUTTERFLY COUNT:
Part of the NABA seasonal count program
MOTHS:
Moth photo pages from NC and beyond
CATERPILLARS:
Butterfly and moth caterpillars from around the U.S.
BUTTERFLY PREDATION:
Photos and information about creatures that prey on butterflies
BUTTERFLY NECTAR PLANTS:
Plants our butterflies use for nectar


ADDITIONAL RESOURCES


Red-banded Hairstreak

JEFF'S BUTTERFLY PHOTO PAGES by Geographic Area


North American Butterflies (north of Mexico)

Following is a list of most of the regularly occurring butterfly species known from North America north of Mexico, generally following the Pelham Catalog (Feb 2023) with a few exceptions (e.g. the placement skippers after the true butterflies). Click on the butterfly name to take you to the species page for species I have photographs of. If that species is found in North Carolina (my home state), specific information for that state is given.

Swallowtails, Parnassians (Papilionidae)

Eversmann's Parnassian (Parnassius eversmanni)
Clodius Parnassian (Parnassius clodius)
Phoebus Parnassian (Parnassius phoebus)
Rocky Mountain Parnassian (Parnassius smintheus)
Dark Kite-Swallowtail (Eurytides philolaus)
Zebra Swallowtail (Eurytides marcellus)
Red-sided Swallowtail, Variable Swallowtail (Eurytides phaon, Mimoides phaon)
Mylotes Cattleheart (Parides eurimedes)
White-dotted Cattleheart (Parides alopius)
Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor)
Polydamas Swallowtail (Battus polydamas)
Indra Swallowtail (Papilio indra)
Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon)
Short-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio brevicauda)
Ozark Swallowtail (Papilio joanae)
Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes)
Anise Swallowtail (Papilio zelicaon)
Ruby-spotted Swallowtail (Heraclides anchisiades, Papilio anchisiades)
Pink-spotted Swallowtail (Heraclides rogeri, Papilio rogeri)
Bahamian Swallowtail (Heraclides andraemon, Papilio andraemon)
Thoas Swallowtail (Heraclides thoas, Papilio thoas)
Eastern Giant Swallowtail (Heraclides cresphontes, Papilio cresphontes)
Western Giant Swallowtail (Heraclides rumiko, Papilio rumiko)
Schaus' Swallowtail (Heraclides ponceana, Papilio aristodemus)
Ornythion Swallowtail (Heraclides ornythion, Papilio ornythion)
Three-tailed Swallowtail (Pterourus pilumnus, Papilio pilumnus)
Spicebush Swallowtail (Pterourus troilus, Papilio troilus)
Palamedes Swallowtail (Pterourus palamedes, Papilio palamedes)
Two-tailed Swallowtail (Pterourus multicaudata, Papilio multicaudata)
Western Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus rutulus, Papilio rutulus)
Pale Swallowtail (Pterourus eurymedon, Papilio eurymedon)
Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus glaucus, Papilio glaucus)
Mexican Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus alexiares, Papilio alexiares)
Canadian Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus canadensis, Papilio canadensis)
Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus appalachiensis, Papilio appalachiensis)

Whites, Sulphurs (Pieridae)

Sulphurs
Costa-spotted Mimic White (Enantia albania)
Lyside Sulphur (Kricogonia lyside)
Dainty Sulphur (Nathalis iole)
Barred Yellow (Eurema daira)
Shy Yellow (Pyrisitia messalina)
Little Yellow (Pyrisitia lisa)
Mimosa Yellow (Pyrisitia nise)
Dina Yellow (Pyrisitia dina)
Tailed Orange (Pyrisitia proterpia)
Sleepy Orange (Abaeis nicippe)
Boisduval's Yellow (Abaeis boisduvaliana, Eurema boisduvaliana)
Mexican Yellow (Abaeis mexicana, Eurema mexicana)
Salome Yellow (Abaeis salome, Eurema salome)
Ghost Yellow (Abaeis albula, Eurema albula)
Booth's Sulphur (Colias boothii, Colias tyche boothii)
Labrador Sulphur (Colias nastes)
Coppermine Sulphur (Colias johanseni)
Hecla Sulphur (Colias hecla)
Scudder's Sulphur (Colias scudderi)
Giant Sulphur (Colias gigantea)
Mead's Sulphur (Colias meadii)
Elis Sulphur (Colias elis, Colias meadii elis)
Western Sulphur (Colias occidentalis)
Christina's Sulphur (Colias christina)
Queen Alexandra's Sulphur (Colias alexandra)
Harford's Sulphur (Colias harfordii)
Vitabunda Sulphur (Colias vitabunda, Colias philodice vitabunda)
Eriphyle Sulphur (Colias eriphyle, Colias philodice eriphyle)
Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice)
Orange Sulphur (Colias eurytheme)
Pink-edged Sulphur (Colias interior)
Pelidne Sulphur (Colias pelidne)
Palaeno Sulphur (Colias palaeno)
Skinner's Sulphur (Colias skinneri)
Sierra Sulphur (Colias behrii)
Southern Dogface (Zerene cesonia)
California Dogface (Zerene eurydice)
White Angled-Sulphur (Anteos chlorinde)
Yellow Angled-Sulphur (Anteos maerula)
Cloudless Sulphur (Phoebis sennae)
Orange-barred Sulphur (Phoebis philea)
Tailed Sulphur (Phoebis neocypris)
Apricot Sulphur (Phoebis argante )
Large Orange Sulphur (Phoebis agarithe)
Statira Sulphur (Aphrissa statiria, Phoebis statira)
Pink-spot Sulphur (Aphrissa neleis)
Orbed Sulphur (Aphrissa orbis)
Whites
Sara Orangetip (Anthocharis sara)
Julia Orangetip (Anthocharis julia)
Southwestern Orangetip (Anthocharis thoosa)
Gray Marble (Anthocharis lanceolata)
Desert Orangetip (Anthocharis cethura)
Falcate Orangetip (Anthocharis midea)
Large Marble (Euchloe ausonides)
Arctic Marble (Euchloe ochracea)
Northern Marble (Euchloe creusa)
Olympia Marble (Euchloe olympia)
Pearly Marble (Euchloe hyantis)
Desert Marble (Euchloe lotta)
Florida White (Glutophrissa drusilla, Appias drusilla)
Pine White (Neophasia menapia)
Chiricahua White (Neophasia terlooii)
Mexican Dartwhite (Archonias nimbice, Catasticta nimbice)
Great Southern White (Ascia monuste)
Giant White (Ganyra josephina)
Howarth's White (Ganyra howarthi)
Mountain White (Leptophobia aripa)
Checkered White (Pontia protodice)
Western White (Pontia occidentalis)
Spring White (Sisymbria sisymbrii, Pontia sisymbrii)
Becker's White (Pontieuchloia beckerii, Pontia beckerii)
Cabbage White (Pieris rapae)
Arctic White (Pieris angelika)
Mustard White (Pieris oleracea)
Margined White (Pieris marginalis)
West Virginia White (Pieris virginiensis)

Harvesters, Coppers, Hairstreaks, Blues (Lycaenidae)

Harvester, Coppers
Harvester (Feniseca tarquinius)
American Copper (Lycaena hypophlaeas, Lycaena phlaeas)
Lustrous Copper (Lycaena cupreus)
Bronze Copper (Tharsalea hyllus, Lycaena hyllus)
Gorgon Copper (Tharsalea gorgon, Lycaena gorgon)
Blue Copper (Tharsalea heteronea, Lycaena heteronea)
Bog Copper (Tharsalea epixanthe, Lycaena epixanthe)
Lilac-bordered Copper (Tharsalea nivalis, Lycaena nivalis)
Mariposa Copper (Tharsalea mariposa, Lycaena mariposa)
Purplish Copper (Tharsalea helloides, Lycaena helloides)
Dorcas Copper (Tharsalea dorcas, Lycaena dorcas)
Salt Marsh Copper (Tharsalea dospassosi, Lycaena dospassosi)
Ruddy Copper (Tharsalea rubidus, Lycaena rubidus)
Gray Copper (Tharsalea dione, Lycaena dione)
Edith's Copper (Tharsalea editha, Lycaena editha)
Great Copper (Tharsalea xanthoides, Lycaena xanthoides)
Tailed Copper (Tharsalea arota, Lycaena arota)
Hermes Copper (Tharsalea hermes, Lycaena hermes)

Hairstreaks
Colorado Hairstreak (Hypaurotis crysalus)
Golden Hairstreak (Habrodais grunus)
Black Hairstreak (Ocaria ocrisia)
Goodson's Greenstreak (Cyanophrys goodsoni)
Tropical Greenstreak (Cyanophrys herodotus)
Clench's Greenstreak (Cyanophrys miserabilis)
Mexican Cycadian (Eumaeus toxea)
Thicket Hairstreak (Callophrys spinetorum)
Johnson's Hairstreak (Callophrys johnsoni)
Muir's Hairstreak (Callophrys muiri)
Loki Hairstreak (Callophrys loki), including Thorne's Hairstreak (Callophrys loki thornei)
Juniper Hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus), including Olive, Siva, and Nelson's (gryneus, siva, nelsoni)
Hessel's Hairstreak (Callophrys hesseli)
Western Pine Elfin (Callophrys eryphon)
Eastern Pine Elfin (Callophrys niphon)
Bog Elfin (Callophrys lanoraieensis)
Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus)
Henry's Elfin (Callophrys henrici)
Hoary Elfin (Callophrys polios)
Xami Hairstreak (Callophrys xami)
Moss' Elfin (Callophrys mossii)
Brown Elfin (Callophrys augustinus)
Desert Elfin (Callophrys fotis)
Sandia Hairstreak (Callophrys mcfarlandi)
Western Green Hairstreak (Callophrys affinis)
Sheridan's Hairstreak (Callophrys sheridanii)
California Sheridan's Hairstreak (Callophrys viridis)
Coastal Green Hairstreak (Callophrys dumetorum)
Silver-banded Hairstreak (Chlorostrymon simaethis)
Amethyst Hairstreak (Chlorostrymon maesites)
Telea Hairstreak (Chlorostrymon telea)
Early Hairstreak (Erora laeta)
Arizona Hairstreak (Erora quaderna)
Behr's Hairstreak (Satyrium behrii)
Mountain Mahogany Hairstreak (Satyrium tetra)
Hedgerow Hairstreak (Satyrium saepium)
Coral Hairstreak (Satyrium titus)
Gold-hunter's Hairstreak (Satyrium auretorum)
Poling's Hairstreak (Satyrium polingi)
Oak Hairstreak (Satyrium favonius)
Ilavia Hairstreak (Satyrium ilavia)
Soapberry Hairstreak (Phaeostrymon alcestis)
King's Hairstreak (Satyrium kingi)
Striped Hairstreak (Satyrium liparops)
Hickory Hairstreak (Satyrium caryaevorus)
Banded Hairstreak (Satryium calanus)
Edwards' Hairstreak (Satyrium edwardsii)
Acadian Hairstreak (Satyrium acadica)
California Hairstreak (Satyrium californica)
Sylvan Hairstreak (Satyrium sylvinus)
Western Sooty Hairstreak (Satryium fuliginosa)
Sagebrush Sooty Hairstreak (Satryium semiluna)
Gray Ministreak (Ministrymon azia)
Leda Ministreak (Ministrymon leda)
Clytie Ministreak (Ministrymon clytie)
Red-spotted Hairstreak (Tmolus echion, Strymon echion)
Pearly-gray Hairstreak (Strephonota tephraeus)
Sonoran Hairstreak (Hypostrymon critola)
Gold-bordered Hairstreak (Rekoa palegon)
Marius Hairstreak (Rekoa marius)
Tailless Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon cestri)
Lantana Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon bazochii)
Mallow Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon istapa)
Disguised Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon limenia)
Red-crescent Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon rufofusca)
Yojoa Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon yojoa)
Red-lined Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon bebrycia)
Gray Hairstreak (Strymon melinus)
Avalon Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon avalona)
Lacey's Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon alea)
Martial Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon martialis)
Bartram's Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon acis)
White Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon albata)
Bromeliad Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon serapio)
Creamy Stripe-streak (Arawacus jada)
Red-banded Hairstreak (Calycopis cecrops)
Dusky-blue Groundstreak (Calycopis isobeon)
Ruddy Hairstreak (Electrostrymon hugon)
Muted Hairstreak (Electrostrymon joya)
Fulvous Hairstreak (Electrostrymon angelia)
Aquamarine Hairstreak (Oenomaus ortygnus)
White-M Hairstreak (Parrhasius m-album)
Strophius Hairstreak (Allosmaitia strophius)
Great Purple Hairstreak (Atlides halesus)
Atala (Eumaeus atala)

Blues
Cyna Blue (Zizula cyna)
Western Pygmy-Blue (Brephidium exilis)
Eastern Pygmy-Blue (Brephidium pseudofea)
Cassius Blue (Leptotes cassius)
Marine Blue (Leptotes marina)
Small Blue (Philotiella speciosa, Euphilotes speciosa)
Leona's Blue (Philotiella leona, Euphilotes leona)
Square-spotted Blue (Euphilotes battoides)
Bernardino Blue (Euphilotes bernardino)
El Segundo Blue (Euphilotes allyni)
Glaucon Blue (Euphilotes glaucon)
Cascadia Blue (Euphilotes heracleoides)
Bauer's Blue (Euphilotes baueri)
Central Blue (Euphilotes centralis)
Ellis' Blue (Euphilotes ellisii)
Ancilla Blue = 'Ancilla' Dotted Blue (Euphilotes ancilla, Euphilotes enoptes ancilla)
Stanfords' Blue (Euphilotes stanfordorum)
Mojave Blue (Euphilotes mojave)
Dotted Blue (Euphilotes enoptes)
Langston's Blue (Euphilotes langstoni)
Dammers' Blue (Euphilotes dammersi)
Columbian Blue (Euphilotes columbiae)
Spalding's Blue (Euphilotes spaldingi)
Rita Blue (Euphilotes rita)
Pallid Blue (Euphilotes pallescens)
Sonoran Blue (Philotes sonorensis)
Arrowhead Blue (Glaucopsyche piasus)
Silvery Blue (Glaucopsyche lygdamus)
Northern Azure (Celastrina lucia)
Asher Azure, Pacific Azure (Celastrina asheri)
Echo Azure (Celastrina echo)
Spring Azure (Celastrina ladon)
Holly Azure (Celastrina idella)
Cherry Gall Azure (Celastrina serotina)
Summer Azure (Celastrina neglecta)
Hops Azure (Celastrina humulus)
Appalachian Azure (Celastrina neglectamajor)
Dusky Azure (Celastrina nigra)
Eastern Tailed-Blue (Cupido comyntas)
Western Tailed-Blue (Cupido amyntula)
Miami Blue (Cyclargus thomasi)
Nickerbean Blue (Cyclargus ammon)
Ceraunus Blue (Hemiargus ceraunus)
Reakirt's Blue (Echinargus isola)
San Emigdio Blue (Plebulina emigdionis, Plebejus emigdionis)
Shasta Blue (Icaricia shasta)
Veined Blue (Icaricia neurona, Plebejus neurona)
Acmon Blue (Icaricia acmon)
Lupine Blue (Icaricia lupini)
Chlorine Blue (Icaricia chlorina)
Mountain Blue (Icaricia monticola)
Dedeckera Blue (Icaricia dedeckera)
Cotundra Blue (Icaricia cotundra)
Greenish Blue (Icaricia saepiolus)
Boisduval's Blue (Icaricia icarioides)
Cranberry Blue (Agriades optilete)
Arctic Blue, Heather Blue (Agriades glandon)
Sierra Blue (Agriades podarce)
Northern Blue, Crowberry Blue (Plebejus idas)
Friday's Blue (Plebejus fridayi)
Anna's Blue (Plebejus anna)
Melissa Blue (Plebejus melissa)
Karner Blue (Plebejus samuelis, Plebejus melissa samuelis)
Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus)

Metalmarks (Riodinidae)

Red-bordered Metalmark (Caria ino)
Red-bordered Pixie (Melanis pixe)
Northern Metalmark (Calephelis borealis)
Swamp Metalmark (Calephelis muticum)
Little Metalmark (Calephelis virginiensis)
Rounded Metalmark (Calephelis perditalis)
Fatal Metalmark (Calephelis nemesis)
Arizona Metalmark (Calephelis arizonensis)
Freeman's Metalmark (Calephelis freemani)
Rawson's Metalmark (Calephelis rawsoni)
Wright's Metalmark (Calephelis wrighti)
Maria's Metalmark (Lasaia maria)
Blue Metalmark (Lasaia sula)
Curve-winged Metalmark (Curvie emesia, Emesis emesia)
Hepburn's Metalmark (Apodemia hepburni)
Palmer's Metalmark (Apodemia palmerii)
Walker's Metalmark (Apodemia walkeri)
Narrow-winged Metalmark (Apodemia multiplaga)
Mormon Metalmark (Apodemia mormo)
Behr's Metalmark (Apodemia virgulti)
Sonoran Metalmark (Apodemia mejicanus)
Mexican Metalmark (Apodemia duryi)
Nais Metalmark (Apodemia nais)
Chisos Metalmark (Apodemia chisosensis)
Ares Metalmark (Apodemia ares, Emesis ares)
Cleis Metalmark, Zela Metalmark (Apodemia cleis, Apodemia zela, Emesis zela)
Falcate Metalmark (Emesis tenedia)
Crescent Metalmark (Emesis phycoidoides, Apodemia phyciodoides)

Brushfoots (Nymphalidae)

Snouts
American Snout (Libytheana carinenta)

Milkweed Butterflies
Klug's Clearwing (Dircenna klugii)
Tiger Mimic-Queen (Lycorea halia)
Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
Soldier (Danaus eresimus)
Queen (Danaus gilippus)

Longwings
Julia Heliconian (Dryas iulia)
Banded Orange Heliconian (Dryadula phaetusa)
Isabella's Heliconian (Eueides isabella)
Zebra Heliconian (Heliconius charithonia)
Erato Heliconian (Heliconius erato)
Gulf Fritillary (Dione incarnata, Agraulis vanillae)
Mexican Silverspot (Dione moneta)

Fritillaries
Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta claudia)
Mexican Fritillary (Euptoieta hegesia)
Mountain Fritillary (Boloria alaskensis)
Bog Fritillary (Boloria eunomia)
Freija Fritillary (Boloria freija)
Cryptic Fritillary (Boloria natazhati)
Purplish Fritillary (Boloria chariclea)
Dingy Fritillary (Boloria improba)
Relict Fritillary (Boloria kriemhild)
Pacific Fritillary (Boloria epithore)
Meadow Fritillary (Boloria bellona)
Frigga Fritillary (Boloria frigga)
Silver-bordered Fritillary (Boloria myrina, Boloria selene)
Astarte Fritillary (Boloria astarte)
Polaris Fritillary (Boloria polaris)
Alberta Fritillary (Boloria alberta)
Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia, Speyeria idalia)
Diana Fritillary (Argynnis diana, Speyeria diana)
Nokomis Fritillary (Argynnis nokomis, Speyeria nokomis)
Great Spangled Fritillary (Argynnis cybele, Speyeria cybele)
Leto Fritillary (Argynnis leto, Speyeria cybele leto)
Aphrodite Fritillary (Argynnis aphrodite, Speyeria aphrodite)
Coronis Fritillary (Argynnis coronis, Speyeria coronis)
Zerene Fritillary (Argynnis zerene, Speyeria zerene)
Callippe Fritillary (Argynnis callippe, Speyeria callippe)
Great Basin Fritillary (Argynnis egleis, Speyeria egleis)
Unsilvered Fritillary (Argynnis adiaste, Speyeria adiaste)
Hydaspe Fritillary (Argynnis hydaspe, Speyeria hydaspe)
Atlantis Fritillary (Argynnis atlantis, Speyeria atlantis)
Nausica Fritillary (Argynnis nausica, Speyeria nausica)
Irene Fritillary (Argynnis irene, Speyeria irene)
Northwestern Fritillary (Argynnis hesperis, Speyeria hesperis)
Edwards' Fritillary (Argynnis edwardsii, Speyeria edwardsii)
Mormon Fritillary (Argynnis mormonia, Speyeria mormonia)

Admirals, Sisters
Viceroy (Limenitis archippus)
Red-spotted Admiral (Limenitis arthemis)
"White Admiral" (L. arthemis arthemis)
"Red-spotted Purple" (L. arthemis astyanax)
Weidemeyer's Admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii)
Lorquin's Admiral (Limenitis lorquini)
Arizona Sister (Adelpha eulalia)
California Sister (Adelpha californica)
Band-celled Sister (Adelpha fessonia)
Spot-celled Sister (Adelpha basiloides)

Emperors
Hackberry Emperor (Asterocampa celtis)
Empress Leilia (Asterocampa leilia)
Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton)
Pavon Emperor (Doxocopa pavon)

Purplewings, Crackers, & kin
Common Banner (Epiphile adrasta)
Dingy Purplewing (Eunica monima)
Florida Purplewing (Eunica tatila)
Mexican Bluewing (Myscelia ethusa)
Blackened Bluewing (Myscelia cyananthe)
Black-patched Cracker (Hamadryas atlantis)
Gray Cracker (Hamadryas februa)
Glaucous Cracker (Hamadryas glauconome)
Brownish Cracker (Hamadryas iphthime)
Variable Cracker (Hamadryas feronia)
Guatemalan Cracker (Hamadryas guatemalena )
Red Cracker (Hamadryas amphinome)
Red Rim (Biblis aganisa, Biblis hyperia aganisa)
Common Mestra (Mestra amymone)
Blue-eyed Sailor (Dynamine dyonis)

Daggerwings
Waiter Daggerwing (Marpesia zerynthia)
Many-banded Daggerwing (Marpesia chiron)
Ruddy Daggerwing (Marpesia petreus)
Antillean Daggerwing (Marpesia eleuchea)

Ladies, Anglewings, Buckeyes, Checkerspots, Crescents, & kin
Orion (Historis odius)
Tailed Cecropian(Historis acheronta)
Blomfild's Beauty (Smyrna blomfildia)
Orange Mapwing (Hypanartia lethe)
Milbert's Tortoiseshell (Aglais milberti)
Compton Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis l-album)
California Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis californica)
Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)
Question Mark (Polygonia interrogationis)
Eastern Comma (Polygonia comma)
Satyr Comma (Polygonia satyrus)
Gray Comma (Polygonia progne)
Oreas Comma (Polygonia oreas)
Hoary Comma, Zephyr Comma (Polygonia gracilis)
Green Comma (Polygonia faunus)
West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella)
American Lady (Vanessa virginiensis)
Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta)
White Peacock (Anartia jatrophae)
Banded Peacock (Anartia fatima)
Caribbean Peacock (Anartia chrysopelea)
Malachite (Siproeta stelenes)
Rusty-tipped Page(Siproeta epaphus)
Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia)
Gray Buckeye (Junonia grisia)
Dark Buckeye(Junonia nigrosuffusa)
Dark Tropical Buckeye (Junonia stemosa, Junonia litoralis (briefly), Junonia genoveva (historically))
Tropical Buckeye (Junonia zonalis, Junonia evarete)
Mangrove Buckeye (Junonia neildi, Junonia genoveva)
Mimic (Hypolimnas misippus)
Gillett's Checkerspot (Euphydryas gillettii)
Edith's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha)
Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton)
Variable Checkerspot (Euphydryas chalcedona )
Snowberry Checkerspot (Euphydryas colon)
Anicia Checkerspot (Euphydryas anicia)
Dotted Checkerspot (Polydryas minuta)
Arachne Checkerspot (Polydryas arachne)
Crimson Patch (Chlosyne janais)
Definite Patch (Chlosyne definita)
Banded Patch (Chlosyne endeis)
Red-spotted Patch (Chlosyne melitaeoides )
Medial Patch (Chlosyne eumeda)
Rosita Patch (Chlosyne rosita)
Theona Checkerspot (Chlosyne theona)
Chinati Checkerspot (Chlosyne chinatiensis, Chlosyne theona chinatiensis)
Black Checkerspot (Chlosyne cyneas)
Fulvia Checkerspot (Chlosyne fulvia)
Coronado Checkerspot (Chlosyne coronado, Chlosyne fulvia coronado)
Leanira Checkerspot (Chlosyne leanira)
California Patch (Chlosyne californica)
Bordered Patch (Chlosyne lacinia)
Gorgone Checkerspot (Chlosyne gorgone)
Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis)
Harris' Checkerspot (Chlosyne harrisii)
Hoffmann's Checkerspot (Chlosyne hoffmanni)
Sagebrush Checkerspot (Chlosyne acastus)
Gabb's Checkerspot (Chlosyne gabbii)
Northern Checkerspot (Chlosyne palla)
Sierra Nevada Checkerspot (Chlosyne whitneyi)
Rockslide Checkerspot (Chlosyne damoetus)
Elada Checkerspot (Microtia elada, Texola elada)
Arizona Checkerspot (Microtia perse, Texola perse)
Tiny Checkerspot (Microtia dymas, Dymasia dymas )
Elf (Microtia elva)
Black-bordered Tegosa (Tegosa luka)
Texan Crescent (Anthanassa texana)
Black Crescent (Anthanassa ptolyca)
Cuban Crescent (Anthanassa frisia)
Pale-banded Crescent (Anthanassa tulcis)
Chestnut Crescent (Anthanassa argentea)
Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos)
Mimic Crescent (Phyciodes incognitus)
Northern Crescent (Phyciodes cocyta)
Diminutive Crescent (Phyciodes diminutor, Phyciodes cocyta diminutor)
Anasazi Crescent (Phyciodes anasazi, Phyciodes batesii anasazi)
Orantain Crescent (Phyciodes orantain)
Tawny Crescent (Phyciodes batesii)
Field Crescent (Phyciodes pulchella)
California Crescent (Phyciodes orseis)
Pale Crescent (Phyciodes pallida)
Mylitta Crescent (Phyciodes mylitta)
Phaon Crescent (Phyciodes phaon)
Painted Crescent (Phyciodes picta)
Vesta Crescent (Phyciodes graphica)

Leafwings
Chestnut Leafwing (Memphis echemus)
Pale-spotted Leafwing (Memphis pithyusa)
Florida Leafwing (Anaea troglodyta)
Tropical Leafwing (Anaea aidea)
Goatweed Leafwing (Anaea andria)

Ringlets, Pearly-Eyes, Browns, Satyrs, Wood-Nymphs, Alpines, Arctics
Hayden's Ringlet (Coenonympha haydenii)
Common Ringlet (Coenonympha tullia)
California Ringlet (Coenonympha california)
Southern Pearly-eye (Lethe portlandia)
Northern Pearly-eye (Lethe anthedon)
Creole Pearly-eye (Lethe creola)
Eyed Brown (Lethe eurydice)
Appalachian Brown (Lethe appalachia)
Nabokov's Satyr (Cyllopsis pyracmon)
Canyonland Satyr (Cyllopsis pertepida)
Gemmed Satyr (Cyllopsis gemma)
Pine Satyr (Paramacera allyni)
Red Satyr (Cissia rubricata, Megisto rubricata)
Little Wood-Satyr (Megisto cymela)
Carolina Satyr (Hermeuptychia sosybius)
South Texas Satyr (Hermeuptychia hermybius)
Intricate Satyr (Hermeuptychia intricata)
Georgia Satyr (Neonympha areolatus)
Helicta Satyr (Neonympha helicta) (see Georgia Satyr)
Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii)
Red-bordered Satyr (Gyrocheilus patrobas)
Common Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis pegala)
Mead's Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis meadii)
Great Basin Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis sthenele)
Disguised Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis silvestris, Cercyonis incognita)
Small Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis oetus)
Colorado Alpine (Erebia callias)
Theano Alpine (Erebia pawloskii)
Reddish Alpine (Erebia lafontainei)
Four-dotted Alpine (Erebia youngi)
Eskimo Alpine (Erebia occulta)
Common Alpine (Erebia epipsodea)
Vidler's Alpine (Erebia vidleri)
Disa Alpine (Erebia disa)
Taiga Alpine (Erebia mancinus)
Ross' Alpine (Erebia rossii)
Magdalena Alpine (Erebia magdalena)
Mt. McKinley Alpine (Erebia mackinleyensis)
Banded Alpine (Erebia fasciata)
Red-disked Alpine (Erebia discoidalis)
Uhler's Arctic (Oeneis uhleri)
Ridings' Satyr (Oeneis ridingsii, Neominois ridingsii)
Jutta Arctic (Oeneis jutta)
Melissa Arctic (Oeneis melissa)
Philip's Arctic(Oeneis philipi)
Polixenes Arctic (Oeneis polixenes)
Sentinel Arctic (Oeneis alpina)
White-veined Arctic (Oeneis bore taygete)
Chryxus Arctic (Oeneis chryxus)
Tanana Arctic (Oeneis tanana)
Alberta Arctic (Oeneis alberta)
Great Arctic (Oeneis nevadensis)
Macoun's Arctic (Oeneis macounii)
To see all my arctics on one page, click here: all arctics

Skippers (Hesperiidae)

Longtails, Agunas, Flashers, Cloudywings, & kin
Mangrove Skipper (Phocides batabano, Phocides pigmalion)
Beautiful Beamer (Phocides belus)
Guava Skipper (Phocides lilea, Phocides polybius)
Skinner's Cloudywing, White-edged Cloudywing (Murgaria albociliatus, Achalarus albociliatus, Cecropterus albociliatus)
Coyote Cloudywing (Murgaria toxeus, Achalarus toxeus, Cecropterus toxeus)
Jalapus Cloudywing (Murgaria jalapus, Thessia jalapus, Cecropterus jalapus)
White-tailed Longtail (Murgaria doryssus, Urbanus doryssus, Cecropterus doryssus)
Small-spotted Flasher (Thorybes egregius, Astraptes egregius, Cecropterus egregius)
Dorantes Longtail (Thorybes dorantes, Urbanus dorantes, Cecropterus dorantes)
Hoary Edge (Thorybes lyciades, Achalarus lyciades, Cecropterus lyciades)
Desert Cloudywing (Thorybes casica, Achalarus casica, Cecropterus casica)
Southern Cloudywing (Thorybes bathyllus, Cecropterus bathyllus)
Nevada Cloudying, Mexican Cloudywing (Thorybes nevada, Thorybes mexicana, Cecropterus mexicana)
Dobra Cloudying, Mexican Cloudywing (Thorybes dobra, Thorybes mexicana, Cecropterus mexicana)
Western Cloudywing (Thorybes diversus, Cecropterus diversus)
Northern Cloudywing (Thorybes pylades, Cecropterus pylades)
Drusius Cloudywing (Thorybes drusius, Cecropterus drusius)
Tehuacan Cloudywing, Dark Cloudywing (Thorybes tehuacana, Achalarus tehuacana, Cecropterus tehuacana)
Confused Cloudywing (Thorybes confusis, Cecropterus confusis)
Chisos Banded-Skipper (Thorybes cincta, Autochton cincta, Cecropterus cincta)
Sonoran Banded-Skipper (Thorybes pseudocellus, Autochton pseudocellus, Cecropterus pseudocellus)
Plain Longtail (Spicauda simplicius, Urbanus simplicius)
Brown Longtail (Spicauda procne, Urbanus procne)
Teleus Longtail (Spicauda teleus, Urbanus teleus)
Tanna Longtail (Spicauda tanna, Urbanus tanna)
Esmeralda Longtail (Urbanus esmeraldus)
Long-tailed Skipper (Urbanus proteus)
Double-striped Longtail (Urbanus alva, Urbanus belli alva)
Two-barred Flasher (Telegonus tsongae, Telegonus catemacoensis, Astraptes fulgerator)
Green Flasher (Telegonus talus, Astraptes talus)
Frosted Flasher (Telegonus alardus, Astraptes alardus)
Gilbert's Flasher (Telegonus alector, Astraptes alector)
Yellow-tipped Flasher (Telegonus anausis, Astraptes anaphus, Telegonus anaphus)
Golden Banded-Skipper (Telegonus cellus, Autochton cellus)
Caballo Skipper, Potrillo Skipper (Autotochton caballo, Autochton potrillo, Cabares potrillo)
Falcate Skipper (Spathilepia clonius)
Mercurial Skipper (Proteides mercurius)
Zestos Skipper (Epargyreus zestos)
Silver-spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus)
Arizona Silver-spoltted Skipper (Epargyreus huachuca)
Fractured Silverdrop, Broken Silverdrop (Epargyreus fractigutta, Epargyreus cruza, Epargyreus exadeus cruza)
White-striped Longtail (Chiodes albofasciatus)
Zilpa Longtail (Chiodes zilpa)
Tailed Aguna (Aguna mcguirei, Aguna metophis)
Gold-spotted Aguna (Aguna asander)
Emerald Aguna (Aguna claxon)
Arizona Skipper (Codatractus arizonensis)
White-crescent Longtail (Codatractus alcaeus)
50. Valeriana Cloudywing (Lobotractus mysie, Lobotractus valeriana, Codatractus valeriana)
Short-tailed Skipper (Zestusa dorus)
Mexican Longtail (Ectomis mexicanus, Polythrix mexicanus)
Eight-spotted Longtail (Ectomis octomaculata, Polythrix octomaculata)
Arizona Hammock Skipper (Polygonus arizonensis, Polygonus leo)
Florida Hammock Skipper (Polygonus histrio, Polygonus leo)
Mottled Longtail (Cogia undulatus, Typhedanus undulatus)
Mimosa Skipper (Cogia calchas)
Acacia Skipper (Cogia hippalus)
Outis Skipper (Cogia outis)
Gold-costa Skipper (Cogia caicus)

Scallopwings, Sootywings, Duskywings, Checkered-Skippers, & kin
60. Fritzgaertner's Flat (Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri)
Stallings' Flat (Celaenorrhinus stallingsi)
Dull Firetip (Apyrrothrix araxes)
Hermit Skipper (Grais stigmaticus)
Pale Sicklewing (Eantis pallida, Achlyodes pallida)
Sickle-winged Skipper (Eantis tamenund)
Starred Skipper (Arteurotia artistella, Arteurotia tractipennis)
Purplish-tufted Skipper, Purplish-black Skipper (Nisoniades bromias, Nisoniades rubescens)
Glazed Pellicia (Pellicia arina)
Morning Glory Pellicia (Pellicia dimidiata)
Wind's Skipper (Windia windi)
Red-studded Skipper (Noctuana stator)
Mottled Bolla (Clytius clytius, Bolla clytius)
Obscure Bolla (Bolla brennus)
Common Sootywing (Pholisora catullus)
Crestar Sootywing (Pholisora crestar)
Mexican Sootywing (Pholisora mejicanus)
Arizona Golden-headed Scallopwing (Staphylus ceos)
Texas Golden-headed Scallopwing (Staphylus ecos)
Mazans Scallopwing (Staphylus mazans)
Hayhurst's Scallopwing (Staphylus hayhurstii)
Florida Scallopwing (Staphylus floridus)
Mohave Sootywing (Hesperopsis libya)
Saltbush Sootywing (Hesperopsis alpheus)
MacNeill's Sootywing (Hesperopsis gracielae)
Texas Powdered Skipper (Systasea pulverulenta)
Arizona Powdered Skipper (Systasea zampa)
Hoary Skipper (Canesia canescens, Carrhenes canescens)
White Spurwing (Antigonus emorsa)
Erosus Spurwing (Antigonus erosus)
Common Streaky-Skipper (Celotes nessus)
Scarce Streaky-Skipper (Celotes limpia)
Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus centaureae)
'Appalachian' Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus centaureae wyandot)
Two-banded Checkered-Skipper (Pyrgus ruralis)
Mountain Checkered-Skipper (Pyrgus xanthus)
Small Checkered-Skipper (Pyrgus scriptura)
Common Checkered-Skipper (Burnsius communis, Pyrgus communis)
White Checkered-Skipper (Burnsius albescens, Pyrgus albescens)
Desert Checkered-Skipper (Burnsius philetas, Pyrgus philetas)
Tropical Checkered-Skipper (Burnsius oileus, Pyrgus oileus)
Erichson's White-Skipper (Heliopetes domicella, Heliopyrgus domicella)
Sublinea White-Skipper (Heliopetes sublinea, Heliopyrgus sublinea)
Northern White-Skipper (Heliopetes ericetorum)
Laviana White-Skipper (Heliopetes laviana)
Turk's-cap White-Skipper (Heliopetes macaira)
Veined White-Skipper (Heliopetes elongmuski, Heliopetes arsalte)
Alana White-Skipper (Heliopetes alana)
Blue-studded Skipper (Sostrata nordica)
Common Anatrus, Tropical Duskywing (Echelatus sempiternus, Anastrus sempiturnus)
Pale Mylon, Dingy Mylon (Hoodus pelopidas, Mylon pelopidas)
Variegated Skipper (Gorgythion begga)
White-patched Skipper (Chiothion georgina, Chiomara georgina)
Slaty Skipper (Chiomara mithrax)
Brown-banded Skipper (Timochares ruptifasciata)
Florida Duskywing (Ephyriades brunnea)
Dreamy Duskywing (Erynnis icelus)
Sleepy Duskywing (Erynnis brizo)
Florida Sleepy Duskywing (Erynnis somnus)
Rocky Mountain Sleepy Duskywing (Erynnis burgessi)
Lacustra Sleepy Duskywing (Erynnis lacustra)
False Duskywing (Erynnis invisus, Gesta invisus)
Mottled Duskywing (Erynnis martialis)
Pacuvius Duskywing (Erynnis pacuvius)
Juvenal's Duskywing (Erynnis juvenalis)
Rocky Mountain Duskywing (Erynnis telemachus)
Propertius Duskywing (Erynnis propertius)
Meridian Duskywing (Erynnis meridianus)
Horace's Duskywing (Erynnis horatius)
Mournful Duskywing (Erynnis tristis)
Scudder's Duskywing (Erynnis scudderi)
Zarucco Duskywing (Erynnis zarucco)
Funereal Duskywing (Erynnis funeralis)
Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae)
Columbine Duskywing (Erynnis lucilius)
Afranius Duskywing (Erynnis afranius)
Persius Duskywing (Erynnis persius)

Grass Skippers
Mandan Arctic Skipper, Western Arctic Skipper (Carterocephalus mandan, Carterocephalus palaemon)
Skada Arctic Skipper (Carterocephalus skada, Carterocephalus palaemon)
Russet Skipperling (Piruna pirus)
Chisos Skipperling (Piruna hafernicki)
Four-spotted Skipperling (Piruna polingii)
Many-spotted Skipperling (Piruna aea)
Small-spotted Skipperling (Piruna penaea)
Green-backed Ruby-eye (Perichares adela)
Palatka Skipper (Euphyes pilatka)
Black Dash (Euphyes conspicua)
Berry's Skipper (Euphyes berryi)
Dion Skipper (Euphyes dion)
Bay Skipper (Euphyes bayensis)
Dukes' Skipper (Euphyes dukesi)
Two-spotted Skipper (Euphyes bimacula)
Palmetto Skipper (Euphyes arpa)
Dun Skipper (Euphyes vestris)
Simius Roadside-Skipper (Notamblyscirtes simius)
Common Mellana (Quasimellana eulogius)
Delaware Skipper (Anatrytone logan)
Glowing Skipper (Anatrytone mazai)
Arogos Skipper (Atrytone arogos)
Byssus Skipper (Problema byssus, Atrytone byssus)
Rare Skipper (Problema bulenta, Atrytone bulenta)
Fiery Skipper (Hylephila phyleus)
Northern Whirlabout (Polites vibex, Hedone vibex)
Southern Whirlabout (Polites praeceps, Polites vibex praeceps, Hedone vibex praeceps)
Crossline Skipper (Polites origenes, Limochores origenes)
Sonoran Skipper (Polites sonora, Limochores sonora)
Long Dash (Polites mystic, Limochores mystic)
Tawny-edged Skipper (Polites themistocles)
Peck's Skipper (Polites coras, Polites peckius)
Sandhill Skipper (Polites sabuleti)
Mardon Skipper (Polites mardon)
Draco Skipper (Polites draco)
Baracoa Skipper (Polites baracoa)
Rhesus Skipper (Polites rhesus)
Carus Skipper (Polites carus)
Southern Broken-Dash (Polites otho, Wallengrenia otho)
Northern Broken-Dash (Polites egeremet, Wallengrenia egeremet)
Violet-banded Skipper (Nyctelius nyctelius)
Hidden-ray Skipper (Conga chydaea)
Little Glassywing (Vernia verna, Pompeius verna)
Sachem (Atalopedes campestris)
Huron Skipper, Sachem (Atalopedes huron, Atalopedes campestris)
Common Branded Skipper (Hesperia comma)
Plains Skipper (Hesperia assiniboia)
Western Branded Skipper (Hesperia colorado)
Juba Skipper (Hesperia juba)
Lindsey's Skipper (Hesperia lindseyi)
Sierra Skipper (Hesperia miriamae)
Nevada Skipper (Hesperia nevada)
Apache Skipper (Hesperia woodgatei)
Uncas Skipper (Hesperia uncas)
Leonard's Skipper (Hesperia leonardus)
Pahaska Skipper (Hesperia pahaska)
Columbian Skipper (Hesperia columbia)
Ottoe Skipper (Hesperia ottoe)
Green Skipper (Hesperia viridis)
Cobweb Skipper (Hesperia metea)
Dotted Skipper (Hesperia attalus)
Meske's Skipper (Hesperia meskei)
Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae)
Indian Skipper (Hesperia sassacus)
Alkali Skipper (Pseudocopaeodes eunus)
Rural Skipper (Ochlodes agricola)
Woodland Skipper (Ochlodes sylvanoides)
Yuma Skipper (Ochlodes yuma)
Morrison's Skipper (Stinga morrisoni)
Aaron's Skipper (Poanes aaroni)
Yehl Skipper (Poanes yehl)
Mulberry Wing (Poanes massasoit)
Broad-winged Skipper (Poanes viator)
Hobomok Skipper (Lon hobomok, Poanes hobomok)
Zabulon Skipper (Lon zabulon, Poanes zabulon)
Taxiles Skipper (Lon taxiles, Poanes taxiles)
Umber Skipper (Lon melane, Poanes melane)
Snow's Skipper (Paratrytone snowi)
Twin-spot Skipper (Oligoria maculata)
Double-dotted Skipper (Oligoria percosius, Decinea percosius)
Dusted Skipper (Atrytonopsis hianna)
Crystal Skipper (Atrytonopsis quinteri)
Loammi Skipper (Atrytonopsis loammi)
Deva Skipper (Atrytonopsis deva)
Moon-marked Skipper (Atrytonopsis lunus)
Viereck's Skipper (Atrytonopsis vierecki)
White-barred Skipper (Atrytonopsis pittacus)
Python Skipper (Atrytonopsis python)
Margarita Skipper (Atrytonopsis margarita)
Cestus Skipper (Atrytonopsis cestus)
Sheep Skipper (Atrytonopsis edwardsi)
Chestnut-marked Skipper (Thespieus macareus)
Nikko Skipper (Niconiades nikko)
Osca Skipper (Rhinthon osca)
Carolina Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes carolina)
Reversed Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes reversa)
Pepper and Salt Skipper (Amblyscirtes hegon)
Lace-winged Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes aesculapius)
Nysa Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes nysa)
Dusky Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes alternata)
Common Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes vialis)
Bronze Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes aenus)
Linda's Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes linda)
Cassus Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes cassus)
Texas Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes texanae)
Prenda Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes tolteca)
Celia's Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes celia)
Bell's Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes belli)
Slaty Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes nereus)
Dotted Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes eos)
Oslar's Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes oslari)
Arizona Roadside-Skipper, Elissa Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes arizonae, Amblyscirtes elissa)
Large Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes exoteria)
Orange-headed Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes phylace)
Orange-edged Roadside-Skipper (Amblyscirtes fimbriata)
Swarthy Skipper (Nastra lherminier)
Neamathla Skipper (Nastra fusca, Nastra neamathla)
Julia's Skipper (Nastra julia)
Pale-rayed Skipper (Nastra perigenes, Vidius perigenes)
Eufala Skipper (Lerodea eufala)
Violet-clouded Skipper = Olive-clouded Skipper (Lerodea arabus = Lerodea dysaules)
Violet-patched Skipper (Monca crispinus)
Fantastic Skipper (Troyus fantasos, Vettius fantasos)
Three-spotted Skipper (Cymaenes tripunctus)
Fawn-spotted Skipper (Cymaenes isus, Cymaenes trebius)
Clouded Skipper (Lerema accius)
Liris Skipper (Lerema liris)
Redundant Skipper (Corticea corticea)
Monk Skipper (Asbolis capucinus)
Malicious Skipper (Synapte pecta)
Salenus Skipper (Synapte salenus)
Faceted Skipper (Synapte shiva)
European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola)
Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek)
Garita Skipperling (Oarisma garita)
Edwards' Skipperling (Copaeodes edwardsii, Oarisma edwardsii)
Orange Skipperling (Copaeodes aurantiaca, Oarisma aurantiaca)
Southern Skipperling (Copaeodes minima, Oarisma minima)
Evans' Skipper (Panoquina evansi)
Salt Marsh Skipper (Panoquina panoquin)
Obscure Skipper (Panoquina panoquinoides)
Wandering Skipper (Panoquina errans)
Hecebolus Skipper (Panoquina hecebolus)
Ocola Skipper (Panoquina ocola)
Purple-washed Skipper (Panoquina lucas)
Brazilian Skipper (Calpodes ethlius)
Least Skipper (Ancyloxypha numitor)
Tropical Least Skipper (Ancyloxphya arene)
Sunrise Skipper (Adopaeoides prittwitzi )

Giant-Skippers
Bauer's Giant-Skipper(Agathymus baueri)
Gentry's Giant-Skipper (Agathymus gentryi)
Arizona Giant-Skipper (Agathymus aryxna)
Huachuca Giant-Skipper (Agathymus evansi)
Orange Giant-Skipper (Agathymus neumoegeni )
Poling's Giant-Skipper (Agathymus polingi)
Mojave Giant-Skipper (Agathymus alliae)
California Giant-Skipper (Agathymus stephensi)
Mary's Giant-Skipper (Agathymus mariae)
Gilbert's Giant-Skipper (Agathymus gilberti)
Coahuila Giant-Skipper (Agathymus estelleae)
Yucca Giant-Skipper (Megathymus yuccae)
Ursine Giant-Skipper (Megathymus ursus)
Viola Giant-Skipper (Megathymus violae)
Cofaqui Giant-Skipper (Megathymus cofaqui)
Strecker's Giant-Skipper (Megathmus streckeri)
Manfreda Giant-Skipper (Stallingsia maculosus)

Mystery duskywing caterpillar


Great Butterfly Links


North Carolina Butterflies | Jeff's Nature Page


Created on ... April 30, 2007 | jspippen@duke.edu